Destruxin B
Details
Specifications
Chemical identification
natural product
Further Information
chemical:
Natural cyclic depsipeptide
Mycotoxins are defined as naturally occurring substances produced by filamentous fungi (moulds) that arouse toxic response when introduced in low amounts to animals through a natural pathway. These fungi are referred to as “toxigenic” fungi. They grow naturally as a form of contaminants on some food crops, majorly cereals, nuts and fruit. Conventionally, toxigenic fungi which contaminate crops have been classified into two groups: “field” and “storage” fungi. Field fungi (such as Cladosporium, Fusarium and Alternaria spp.) get to plants during the developmental stage of the plant; while storage fungi (e.g., Aspergillus and Penicillium spp.) proliferate during the storage period.
Mycotoxins, which are low weight secondary metabolites, produce harmful substances called Mycotoxicoses in animals which invariably impact public health. The toxicity effects of Mycotoxins could be acute or chronic, or both. The most toxic of these, is Aflatoxins. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 are a critical concern. A low-level exposure to Aflatoxin for a long term has been associated with different liver diseases such as cancer, jaundice, cirrhosis and hepatis. Also, they are genotoxic (DNA-damaging) carcinogenic and immunosuppressants. Ochratoxin A is another type of mycotoxin that is teratogenic (reproductive), immunosuppressant, and had been proved to have connection with kidney diseases. Other toxigenic fungi are associated with protein synthesis inhibition, genotoxic, and immune dysfunction.
Fermentek is a global leader in the production of high-standard reference material for Mycotoxins for food safety analysis and research. The company offers more than 60 types of Mycotoxins manufactured from various different microorganisms, divided into nine known Mycotoxin families. These products are formulated into a powdered form or standard solutions with high purity characterized by their melting points, TLC & HPLC.
natural product
chemical:
Natural cyclic depsipeptide
Synonyms:
Chemical names:
IUPAC: (3S,6S,9S,16R,21aS)-16-Allyl-3-[(2S)-2-butanyl]-6-isopropyl-5,8,9-trimethyldodecahydropyrrolo[1,2-d][1,4,7,10,13,16]oxapentaazacyclononadecine-1,4,7,10,14,17(11H,16H)-hexone
Destruxins are metabolites of a fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Chemically, these substances are classified as cyclic hexa-depsipeptides. They posess insecticidal, anti-viral, and phytotoxic propereties. Recently, there is also growing interest in their toxicity to cancer cells.
chemical:
Natural cyclic depsipeptide
Synonyms:
Chemical names: Fusafungine ; Enniatin-A
IUPAC: (3S,9S,12R,15S,18R)-9,15-bis[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-3-[(2R)-butan-2-yl]-4,10,16-trimethyl-6,12,18-tri(propan-2-yl)-1,7,13-trioxa-4,10,16-triazacyclooctadecane-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexone
A Fusarium produced depsipeptide ionophore
RTECS#
Condensed IUPAC: cyclo[N(Me)Ile-D-OVal-N(Me)Ile-DL-OVal-N(Me)aIle-D-OVal]
Enniatin A is a least abundant commponent of the Enniatin-complex. It has been recently made available as a pure compound, thanks to the most advanced preparative HPLC methods.
Soluble in ethanol, methanol, DMSO, DMF.
Chemical classification: Cyclic depsipeptide.
Biological classification:
Natural enniatins occure as a mixture of several related analogs, known as "Enniatins", or "Enniatin complex".
Enniatins occure in nature in the mycelia of some Fusarium species. Being cyclic and hydrophopic molecules, enniatins are able to act as ionophores. More recently their effects on acyl-CoA cholesterol transferase, transporters and the selectivity of their antitumor action have received more focus. Enniatin has not previously been available for investigation.
Synonyms:
Chemical names:
IUPAC:
(2E,7S,11S)-7,15,17-trihydroxy-11-methyl-12-oxabicyclo[12.4.0]octadeca-1(18),2,14,16-tetraen-13-one
RTECS# DM2570000
β-Zearalenol is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium.
β-Zearalenol exhibits pronounced estrogenic activity, like other zearalenones.
Contamination of grains by Fusarium species, notably maize, gives rise to high levels of zearalenol and is regarded as an important food quality issue for both human and animal health.
Synonyms:
Chemical names:
IUPAC:
(3S,7R,11E)-7,14,16-Trihydroxy-3-methyl-3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-octahydro-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1-one
RTECS# DM2560000
Alpha-Zearalenol is a synthetic derivative of the macrolactone mycotoxin zearalenone, which is also manufactured by Fermentek by the method of fungal fermentation.. Alpha-Zearalenol is estrogenically active and demonstrates induction of premature uterine growth, increase of nuclear estrogen receptor levels, and a five fold increase of ornithine decarboxylase level (ODC). The increase of ODC level was 20-fold more pronounced with Alpha-Zearalenol than zearalenone, and Alpha-Zearalenol demonstrated three times more potent estrogenic activity than zearalenone.
Synonyms:
2-(N-Methyl-L-isoleucine)enniatin B
Chemical names:
IUPAC NAME:
3-butan-2-yl-4,10,16-trimethyl-6,9,12,15,18-penta(propan-2-yl)-1,7,13-trioxa-4,10,16-triazacyclooctadecane-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexone
RTECS# n.a.
Enniatin B1 has been shown to induce apoptosis in several cancer lines and to decrease the activation of the cell proliferation kinase, ERK (p44/p42).
Enniatin B1also is being used in research on drug resistance mechanisms.
Synonyms:
Chemical names:
IUPAC:
(3S,6R,9S,12R,15S,18R)-4,10,16-trimethyl-3,6,9,12,15,18-hexa(propan-2-yl)-1,7,13-trioxa-4,10,16-triazacyclooctadecane-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexone
IUPAC Condensed name, as an oligopeptide
cyclo[N(Me)Val-D-OVal-N(Me)Val-D-OVal-N(Me)Val-D-OVal]
RTECS n.a.
Enniatin B is the most studied of four major analogues of the enniatin complex.
Synonyms:
Enniatins
Chemical names:
Enniatin complex;
IUPAC:
4,10,16-trimethyl-3,6,9,12,15,18-hexa(propan-2-yl)-1,7,13-trioxa-4,10,16-triazacyclooctadecane-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexone
RTECS : n.a.
Enniatins are a family of depsipeptides produced by several species of Fusaria. Enniatins have initially been shown to act as ionophores. Later, their effects on acyl-CoA cholesterol transferase, ABC-transporters and the selectivity of their antitumor action are emphasized in the research.
Depsipeptide antibiotic.
Ammonium Ionophore.
Mentioned as a replacement for Nonactin, in manufacturing on ammonium specific electrodes.
Alternariol monomethyl ether, 50 µg/ml, in Acetonitrile, HPLC Supra Gradient grade. Ready for injection.
Nivalenol 100 ppm, in Acetonitrile, HPLC Supra Gradient grade. Ready for injection. Available in 1 or 5 cc amber-glass vials.